pierre schafffer (1951) pupitre d'espace: four rings used during live performance to control spatial distribution of electricity produced sounds. it had two channels one in the rear and another in the overhead. sound on film- recording was another technology in 1930s.
Lee De Forest invented audion vacumm tube.
De Forest process- called phono film. it made talking movies in 1919. john whitney (1917-95) experimental films 1940. james whitney (B. 1922) was also apart of the De Forest Process. turntablism- invention is the mother of necessity. Ottorino Respighi-disc recording of nightinglas... the pine of rome 1924 Paul Hindemith and Ernst Toc (1887-1964) new application for turn table. Gromophonmusic- roots of turntablism. indemith names two works. trickaufnahmen (trick recordings) toch- gesprochene music (spoken music) pierre schaffer (b. 1970) radio engineer, broadcaster, writer. Pierre Henry (1927) composer. musique concrete: sound recording tools, natural sounds electronic signals and instrumental sounds. abraham Moles (1922-92) multi disciplinary theorist "seperable in expirements from the contunuity of perception"
1. harmonic plan: development timbre as function entire range of audible frequencies over time.
2. dynamic plan: dynamic aspects of sound with respect to time
3. melodic plan: pitch and tone sequences over tiime
electroacoustic- electronic sound sources. lock grooves-endless loops.
Groupe de Recherches Musicales (GRM) - collective composers became subsumed by RTF in 1958
Henry Pousseur (b. 1929) Gyorgi Ligeti (1923-2006) cornelius Cardew (1936-81) Mauriclo Kagel (b.1931)- technical limits of th e studio devising and engineering bag of tricks to realize musical ideas. etude-monophonic piece- progression of atomized bursts of sound that transformed piano. 1,920 hz center frequency range of human voice.
1. unified time structuring
2. splitting of sound
3. multilayered spatial composition
4. equalty of tone and noise
karlheinz stockhuasen 1956 gesang der junglinge produced host of electro music production techniques. specialized tape recorder- "springer" to lengthen or shorten radio broadcasts
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