chapter 6 and 7

• we listened to two beatles songs. the first one was "rain" it was recorded with a faster tape speed, higher tempo and in a higher key. they rewound it and slowed it down. it turned out to be a first instance of something being played backwards in a pop song. the second song we listened to was "1m64", this one was recorded in a slower tape speed and in a lower key. they then sped it up so the voice would sound higher. because pual wanted it to sound like a younger voice.
• then we talked about transistors, which replaced vacuum tubes. they are about the size of tic tacs. very small and they are very light in weight. the process of making them is automated...very cheap!
• they dont need a warm up period as vacuum tubes do. they have a lower power decipation. they are highly reliable and they have an extremely long life of up to 50 years. compared to 1-2 years for a tube.
• RCA electronic music synth was used to compose music. olsen and belar began to use them for sound generating. also for programming basic properties of tone, pitch, amplitude, envelop, timbre, glide, frequency filtering and reverb
• punch cards- were a pre-programming stage. 
• mark I output was directly to the lathe
• markII weighed 3tons and was 7ft tall and 20 ft long and it contained 1700 vacuum tubes
• don buchla- people preferred his synths over bob moogs synths.
• helmholtz determined single music note consists of fundamental
• the trombone, flute, clarinet all had different overtones. harmonics is responsible for playing the tone
• cage tried to emancipate music from western concepts of theory. he tried to remove the emotion behind music. his approach was scientific. he treated music as expirements.
• cage had 5 components of sound.1.frequency-how often vibration repeats. movement of the string measured in hz.2.amplitude-volume measured in db(high/low).3.timbre-how we perceive a waveforms complexity. multiple vibrations playing one note but hearing harmonics of that note through vibrations.4.duration-acoustic instruments have limited ability to sustain sound. electric instruments duration until electricity is cut off.5. envelope-ADSR
• we listened to a sine wave, square wave, triangle wave, saw tooth wave and white noise. sine wave have no harmonics. sq and tri have only odd harmonics and saw tooth has all even and odd harmonics.
• electro acoustic music. early 70s refers to music that integrates from natural world with audio processing as well as synthesized sounds.
•  micro processors changed culture. it enables composer from funding
• electro acoustic techniques covers past 100 years
• there are 2kinds of microphones; condenser and dynamic. plus contact mics as well
• we also a listened to the song "i feel fine" by the Beatles which used feed back in the intro from the amp to the pickups.
• feedback was a type of art. they would manipulate it. jimi hendrix mastered this art. he exploited the weakness of the design of the equipment being used.
• signal processing: echo, reverb and delay
• echo-reflection of sound arriving at the listener after the sound
• reverb-persistence of sound after original sound is removed
• delay-audio effect which records out put signal then it is released